The group of cosmetic problems includes all changes in the eyelids that do not affect human health in general, as well as the health of the eyes as an organ and visual functions. This category includes the fold of excess skin on the eyelid that has formed over the years, which gives a tired appearance, including "bags" above and under the eyes.
Small growths on the skin of the eyelids, most often papillomas that do not affect the eyeball, small cysts without inflammation.
In addition, small yellowish formations on the skin of the eyelids, which are usually deposits of cholesterol or other lipids, are cosmetic disorders.
Medical changes are those that cause actual visual impairment. For example, the elderly have pronounced folds of excess skin, which causes visual field impairment.
Ptosis or drooping of the eyelid, which partially or completely closes the pupil. This pathology can be either congenital or acquired over the years, as a manifestation of other common diseases or as a result of aging of the muscle that raises the eyelid.
Changes in the condition of the eyelid, when the eyelid begins to turn towards the eyeball (entropion) and, thus, the ciliary edge begins to constantly contact the eye, causing inflammation and irritation, which is not treated with anti-inflammatory drops. Conversely, when the eyelid begins to turn outwards (ektropion), which causes constant lacrimation and irritation of the eye, since the mucous membrane of the eye is not protected from environmental influences.
Abnormal eyelash growth or trychiasis, which, like the inversion of the eyelid, causes permanent eye irritation. Improperly growing eyelashes can be regularly removed in the eye doctor's office, or you can correct the problem surgically by choosing the appropriate surgical method for each case separately.
Unfortunately, various tumors can also occur in the eyelid area. Besides, they are dangerous for human life. Therefore, sometimes, depending on the patient's perception of a small education, a serious operation with extensive reconstruction is required.
Oculoplastic surgery is also necessary for patients after facial nerve paralysis. In this case, surgery is necessary to save the eye, as the eye cannot close, as well as for cosmetic purposes.
An ocular organ removal operation with an implant inserted into the cavity of the removed eye is usually performed by an oculoplastic surgeon.
Various pathologies of the lacrimal tract and diseases of the eye orbit are also within the competence of an ocuplastic surgeon specializing in this type of surgery.

Before blepharoplasty, an ophthalmologist should be examined to determine the condition of the tear ducts, eyes, and eyelids and exclude contraindications to the intervention.
If the patient is planning laser vision correction, blepharoplasty should be performed in the second stage, after the rehabilitation after laser manipulation is completed.
Strabismus interventions to correct strabismus, lengthen or shorten the eye muscles. Convergent and divergent strabismus are most often diagnosed, in rare cases with a vertical component. Operations are successfully performed for children and adults, and have a good prognosis if performed by an experienced surgeon.
The first step is to eliminate the cause of strabismus. Most often it develops due to the difference between the eyes. If farsightedness, myopia, or astigmatism is more pronounced in one eye, this is called "anisometropia" - the difference in refraction of the eyes. This condition is most often the cause of strabismus. Therefore, anisometropia is eliminated first, and then strabismus is corrected.
Thanks to this approach, the effect of the operation lasts for a lifetime, and repeated interventions are not necessary.

Usually, such interventions are necessary because the outflow of tear fluid through the nasolacrimal canal is disrupted. The symptoms of this condition are lacrimation, frequent inflammation of the eyes.
The patency of the nasolacrimal canal may be impaired due to pathology of the lacrimal canal, tear points, or nasal cavity. It is treated jointly by ophthalmologists and ENT doctors.
Sometimes the causes are birth defects, injuries, and infections. Conclusions about the cause of the disease are made after a full examination.
Interventions in the eye orbit. Most often, operations on the bone walls of the orbit and orbital cavity are performed due to injuries that lead to deformity. It can be difficult to identify such pathologies immediately due to edema and lack of examination in an emergency situation. However, after a while, patients begin to notice double vision or an asymmetry in the location of the eyeballs.
The most minor abnormalities in the anatomy of the orbit and the soft tissues that surround it can be detected by a complete neurological and ocular examination, including MRI.
An oculoplasty surgeon with sufficient experience will be able to reconstruct the orbit and replace bone elements, restoring binocular vision and eliminating cosmetic defects.
Preparation for prosthetics of the eyeball. The eyeball is replaced with a prosthesis when vision is completely lost due to injury, illness, chronic inflammation, as well as pain that does not allow it to be preserved for cosmetic purposes.
Enucleation (complete removal of the eyeball) or evisceration (partial removal) with further prosthetics can be performed.
An important component of future prosthetics is the formation of a movable apple stump. A well-made movable prosthesis creates the impression of a normal eye and becomes an excellent alternative to subatrophic eyes that have lost their size and shape.

This surgery is usually an outpatient procedure. This means that the patient comes to the surgery and returns home immediately after it or after a few hours. Depending on the type of surgery, the eye may be covered with a bandage, usually until the morning of the second day after surgery. Patients also receive sedatives before surgery. Therefore, the patient should not return home immediately after the operation in his car, and especially if the other eye does not see well, you should arrange with someone who can escort you home.
Such operations are usually performed under local anesthesia. This means that an anesthetic medication is injected under the skin in the operated area, just like at the dentist. The injection itself is a bit painful, but it's a very short moment. Therefore, if local anesthesia works on a person at all, then the operation is painless. Of course, just like before any procedure, a person should inform the doctor about any allergy to medications, and it is best to write down the name of the medicine on a piece of paper before the operation. Your doctor should also be aware of the medications you take daily. For example, medications that lower blood pressure should definitely be drunk on the day of surgery, but we ask you to cancel blood-thinning medications 1 week before surgery and a few days after surgery, if it is not dangerous for the patient's health. If blood thinners cannot be discontinued, or the patient has other problems with blood clotting, then the expediency of surgery should be carefully evaluated, since in serious cases, non-clotting blood can cause serious complications.
No special tests are usually required before surgery under local anesthesia, except in special cases, and this is similar to tooth extraction. For the elderly and people with heart diseases, it is preferable to do a cardiogram to rule out an exacerbation of heart disease during this period.
There are certain situations when the operation must be performed under general anesthesia. In such cases, a wide range of tests is required, as well as a cardiogram and radiography of the lungs, as well as a family doctor's opinion on the general state of human health at the moment.
The duration of the operation, depending on the type of operation, can range from a few minutes to 2 hours.
Almost always, operations of this type are performed with a scalpel, not a laser.

The question often arises, will there be pain after surgery? Usually there is no pain. There may be a nagging or pulling sensation. If the patient is more sensitive to pain, then painkillers can be taken on the first day after surgery.
The eyelid tissue has many blood vessels, so the postoperative period is usually accompanied by swelling and bruising. To minimize these manifestations, cold applications, minimal physical activity, and blood pressure monitoring are recommended during this period. In fact, you should avoid anything that can cause dilation of blood vessels and the appearance of new bruising during recovery. And, of course, the wound must be clean to prevent infection. If a bruise occurs, it can remain for up to 2 weeks from the moment it appears.
Absorbable or non-absorbable sutures are used depending on the type and location of the operation. Non-absorbable sutures usually need to be removed 5-14 days after surgery. Removing stitches is a completely painless procedure. Absorbable sutures will disappear within 14-30 days, but when resorbed, they can cause irritation in the scar area, so they will be placed in areas that will not interfere cosmetically, or in places of very small incisions and, as a rule, in deep tissues where they can no longer be removed.
The duration of postoperative scars is very individual. They can be visible from a couple of weeks to 6 months. While the scar is in the healing stage, it should be protected from sunlight, otherwise pigmentation can be very pronounced and persistent. If there are characteristic keloid scars, then the need for cosmetic surgery should be weighed.