Due to the ability of the lens to change the focal length (accommodation), a person can distinguish objects at different distances – both near and far. With age, the lens becomes more dense and gradually loses its elasticity, which reduces its ability to increase its curvature when looking at objects close to the eye.
In addition, as a result of aging, the muscles that hold the lens weaken significantly. That is, they are no longer able to sufficiently change the shape of the lens to focus the image on closely spaced objects. As a result, the person sees vaguely and indistinctly.
The main reason for the development of presbyopia is age–related changes in the optics of the eye.

Accommodation is the ability of the eye to focus on different focal points due to the fact that the lens changes its curvature with the help of the ciliary muscles.
Several ocular structures are involved in the accommodative process: the ciliary body, cinna ligaments, lens, and pupil. When we look at an object at a long distance, the ciliary body goes back, the zinc ligaments tighten, as a result, the lens becomes flat. And the pupil increases in size.
When looking at a nearby object, the ciliary body, on the contrary, comes forward, the zinc ligaments weaken, and the lens acquires a convex shape.
The accommodative ability of the eye is formed in newborns within two weeks. The VNS is responsible for the implementation of accommodation. The parasympathetic part of the ANS causes the ciliary muscle to contract, while the sympathetic part, on the contrary, helps to keep the muscle from contracting.
Violation of accommodation leads to visual impairment. After 40-45 years of age, the accommodation of the eye weakens, the lens gradually loses elasticity and focuses less well on the close focal gap. This process is called "presbyopia" or age-related hyperopia.

The development of presbyopia is an inevitable process directly related to the aging of the body. It affects both eyes at the same time and is manifested by the following symptoms:

• difficulty in viewing objects up close;
• blurred and blurred vision, reduced contrast;
• the need to move the object away from the eyes to make the image clear;
• difficulty in reading, writing, and minor work (sewing, embroidery, etc.);
• the need to turn on a brighter light than usual;
• frequent headaches;
• eye fatigue.

The symptoms of presbyopia in both eyes can be expressed in different ways depending on the initial visual acuity. If a person suffered from farsightedness, the ability to see becomes even worse, both in the distance and in the vicinity.
It is also possible to suspect the development of presbyopia when performing daily tasks. For example, when choosing products in a supermarket, a person may find that they barely distinguish what is written on the packaging in small print. Or when using a smartphone to read a message, it specifically moves the phone away from the eyes.

Presbyopia is classified according to the degree of visual impairment.

• Mild degree of presbyopia – less than two diopters.
• Moderate (moderate) degree of presbyopia is from two to four diopters. With this degree of visual impairment, a person is already experiencing visual discomfort and needs optical correction.
• Severe degree of presbyopia – more than four diopters.
• Types of presbyopia are distinguished by the type of development of near-vision disorders.
• Presbyopia, which is formed with normal refraction of the eye.
• Presbyopia, which develops in the presence of hyperopia (hyperopia).
• Presbyopia, which develops in the presence of myopia.

Methods of treating presbyopia The correction of presbyopia largely depends not only on the condition of the patient's visual system, but also on the lifestyle a person leads, his age, and occupation.
Optical correction. For those who do not see well up close, but at the same time see well into the distance, it is most convenient to use glasses to work at close range. This is probably one of the simplest and most accessible methods of correcting age-related hyperopia today. But if a person also has  близорукость, then he sees poorly both at close and long distances. In this case, it is necessary to choose bifocal glasses that have two zones: one zone of the glasses is designed to correct distant vision, and the other for correcting close–range vision. You can also use two pairs of glasses designed for visual work at different distances.
Contact correction In modern ophthalmology, patients with presbyopia (age-related hyperopia) are offered various types of contact correction.
Multifocal contact lenses, which have become widespread recently, have peripheral and central zones that are responsible for visual clarity. This type of lens makes it possible to enlarge the field of view without deforming it, and the innovative material from which the lenses are made allows the eyes to "breathe". With such lenses, a person does not need glasses for good vision both in the distance and up close.
Contact correction along the path of "monovision" implies that one eye is corrected for visibility up close, and the other at a distance, as a result of which a person does not need glasses. However, this type of correction requires habituation and has a significant disadvantage, namely, the lack of binocular vision.
Laser correction of presbyopia Лечение пресбиопии с помощью лазера  It is based on a change in the shape of the cornea. The operation is performed in a similar way to correcting farsightedness. If such a technique is effective at a young age, then during surgery in the elderly, the result may be unstable, the procedure will not eliminate the need to wear glasses.

Surgical treatment of presbyopia can radically solve the problems of presbyopia surgically by replacing the lens, which has lost its elasticity., интраокулярной линзой. This operation is performed in a "one-day" mode for 15-20 minutes, under local drip anesthesia, and consists of replacing the natural lens with an intraocular lens. The ophthalmic surgeon performs all manipulations through a self-sealing micro-probe measuring about 1.6 mm. Suturing is not required after such surgery.
Today, age-related hyperopia (presbyopia) can be used to correct vision. мультифокальные и аккомодирующие линзы.
Multifocal intraocular lenses have a special design of the optical part of the lens, which allows you to simulate the operation of a natural lens. With multiple foci rather than one, a multifocal lens makes it possible to see objects located well. на разных расстояниях.After implantation of such a lens, a person may not use glasses or contact lenses to read, write, or work with small details.
The accommodating lens is as close as possible in its properties to the natural human lens. Due to the unique design, accommodating lenses, using the eye muscles, "move" and "bend" like a natural lens, which allows you to simulate the natural focusing ability, restoring natural accommodation.
The optical power of an artificial lens is calculated for each patient individually, depending on the state of the visual system, age, occupation, and other related factors. Surgical treatment of presbyopia (age-related hyperopia) is also the prevention of cataracts, since the intraocular lens (artificial lens) will no longer be able to become cloudy.

Presbyopia is a natural process that accompanies aging. Accordingly, it is impossible to prevent it, but it is quite possible to slow it down. To do this, you need to follow a few simple recommendations:

• observe eye hygiene: take regular breaks when working at a computer, ensure proper workplace lighting.;
• regularly perform a set of exercises for the eyes in order to train the ciliary muscle;
• Getting enough sleep: adequate sleep slows down the aging process;
• eat right, do not forget about vitamins (especially A and E) and trace elements;
• visit an ophthalmologist regularly to check eye condition and visual acuity.